This chapter presents an assessment of Egypt's health system, defines the challenges that face it, and proposes strategies for reform. It shows that over the past decade, Egypt has achieved an overall improvement in health outcomes, in particular, significant reductions in infant, child, and maternal mortality rates. This improvement is attributable to a combination of factors, including improved access to basic health services, hygiene and safe drinking water, and to improved educational attainment of mothers. However, several deficiencies face the health system in Egypt, particularly the public health system, and this raises concerns about its sustainability.