Chaos and Glory
Chaos and Glory
Nineteen-year vacancy (1216–1235)
Cyril III ibn Laqlaq (#75, 1235–1243)
Seven-year vacancy (1243–1250)
Egypt had come to enjoy generally peaceful and prosperous times under the Ayyubid sultan al-Malik al-'Adil, while his son al-Malik al-Kamil, who was the effective ruler of Egypt, had already in John's days shown himself to be a just ruler who would not allow the Copts to be scapegoated or victimized. Throughout Egypt, monks and lay scholars were either beginning to write in Arabic, or were receiving the formation and reading the books not only the Bible and patristic works, but also Arabic Christian texts from Iraq and Syria that would enable intensive literary activity in the middle decades of the century. As Patriarch John and many other Copts of the day understood the matter, that was the position of the trouble-maker—and Melkite turncoat—Marqus ibn al-Qunbar.
Keywords: Ayyubid, patristic, Syria, trouble-maker, turncoat
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